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FUNDAMENTAL QUANTITY

A. length

Length shows distance between two points.

The SI unit is meter (m)

1 km=1000 m

10 m = 0,01 km

1 cm = 10 mm

B. Mass

Mass shows the quantity of material of an object

The SI unit is kilogram (kg)

1 kg = 1000g

1g = 0,001kg

1ton=1000kg

1 k w = 100 kg

C. Time

Time shows interval between two events

The SI unit is second (s)

1 minutes = 60 s

1 hour = 3600s

2 day = 48 hour

1 year =12 month

D. Temperature

Temperature is the degree of hotness and coldness of an object. The SI unit is Kelvin (k)

E. Volume

Volume shows the space occupied by an object.

Volume is derived quantity which arranged from fundamental quantity of length.

Volume = length x width x height

Length x Length x length

m x m x m

m3 (cubic meter)

Length = 6 cm

Width = 3,5 cm

Height = 3,5 cm

Volume = ( 6 x 3,5 x 3,5 ) cm 3

73,5 cm 3

73,5 / 1000.000 = 0,0000735 m3

Volume of water = 100 ml

Volume of water and stone = 120 ml

Volume of stone = ( 120-100) ml =20 ml

The characteristic of acid and base

a. Acid and base can be identified by taste.

b. Acid taste sour ( orange, lemon, etc ).

c. Base taste bitter ( soap, detergent , anti acid etc ).

d. Base can identified by touch .

e. Reaction Base with protein.

f. Acid and base are electrolyte because they can conduct electric current.

g. Acid can make corrosive to most metal.

h. Strong base is also corrosive and the spill on skin will cause the skin to burn and damage the tissues.

Reaction between acid and base

a. Base can neutralizes the acid if acid reacted by base.

b. The result of reaction between acid and base is salt.

c. The definition of acid, base and salt

d. An acid is a substance which ionizes in water +o Produce hydrogen ions, H+ ( HCL – H+ + CL-) ( H2 So4 – H+ + SO4-2 ).

e. A base is a substance which ionizes in water to produce hydroxide ions, OH- ( Na Oh- Na+ + OH-).

f. A salt is formed in a neutralization reaction between an acid and a base. (HCL + Na Oh- Na CL+ H2O).

Acid and base and salt are obtained in household product

Acid	Base	Salt
Orange	Deodorant	Table salt
Vitamin C	Soap	Baking Soda
Cheese	Anti acid
Tomato

The identification of acid, base , and salt

a. Using Litmus Paper

b. Using Indicator solution

c. Using Natural Indicator

Using Litmus paper

The color of litmus paper in acid ,base and neutral solutions

Indicator	Acid Solution	Base Solution	Neutral Solution
Red Litmus	Red	Blue	Red
Blue Litmus	Red	Blue	Blue

Using Indicator Solution

The color of indicator solution in acid, base, and neutral solutions.

Indicator	Acid Solution	Base Solution	Neutral Solution
phenolphthalein	Colorless	Red	Colorless
Red Methyl	Red	Yellow	Yellow
Orange Methyl	Red	Yellow	Yellow

Using Natural solution

Some colored plants like hibiscus, bougainvillea and rose can be used as acid base indicators

Elements

An element is single matter that cannot be broken down into other matter by chemical reaction. Example: hydrogen, oxygen, etc.

Name of elements

Those names are the name of a country which the element found.

Some elements are named after famous scientists.

Some names are from astronomy.

T he names of element with atomic number 104 start with prefixes that show the atomic number.

Symbol of element

If an element is symbolized by one letter, it must be capital letter.

If an element is symbolized by more than one letter, the first letter must be capital letter followed by small letter.

Compound

A Compound is a matter that is formed from elements by chemical reaction.

A compound cannot be broken down by physical spa ration.

The comparison of the mass of element in a compound is fixed.

Symbol of compound

Symbol of compound are a combination of elements symbol that forms the compound and

Mixture

Mixture is a combination of some substances with out chemical reaction.

The composition of the forming components of a mixture is not fixed and random.